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Humane Foundation
Topic hub · Systems & Industry

Factory Farming Explained

Industrial animal agriculture produces the overwhelming majority of meat, dairy and eggs consumed worldwide. This hub collects our reporting on how confinement systems operate, the welfare and public-health costs they generate, and the reforms and alternatives being tested.

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Aerial view of an industrial cattle feedlot beside a manure lagoon, with runoff entering an adjacent river.
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The Environmental Impact of Factory Farming: A Science-Backed Guide

Emissions, water pollution, land use and deforestation — what the peer-reviewed evidence says about industrial animal agriculture, and what actually reduces the damage.

By Humane Foundation Editorial · 9 min read

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Frequently asked questions

What is factory farming?
Factory farming is the intensive confinement of animals at high density to maximise output per unit of land, labour and feed. It relies on standardised housing, routine veterinary inputs and rapid growth genetics.
How many animals are raised on factory farms?
Most farmed land animals worldwide — commonly estimated at around 70–90% depending on region and species — are raised in intensive systems rather than pasture-based ones.
Why is factory farming a public health concern?
Dense confinement raises disease-transmission risk, drives antimicrobial use, and concentrates manure and air pollution near farming communities.

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