In 2024, first-generation immigrants in many countries are grappling with a double challenge when it comes to their food culture: the decline of kelp forests and the explosion of sea-urchin populations, both driven by human activities and climate change.
What is causing kelp forests to collapse?
Kelp forests are collapsing due to a combination of human activities and climate change. Overfishing, particularly the removal of kelp-grazing fish, has allowed kelp to overgrow and become more susceptible to disease and physical damage. Climate change, including ocean warming and acidification, also contributes to kelp declines.
| Region | Decline (%) | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Northeast Pacific | 42 | 2022 |
| Northwest Atlantic | 35 | 2021 |
| Southwest Atlantic | 28 | 2023 |
| Tasmania, Australia | 45 | 2022 |
Why are sea-urchin populations exploding?
Sea-urchin populations are exploding due to the removal of their natural predators, primarily fish, and increased demand for their roe. Overfishing has led to a decrease in sea-urchin predators, allowing their populations to boom. Meanwhile, the high demand for sea-urchin roe in sushi and other dishes has driven the sea-urchin fishery, further exacerbating the problem.
Sea-urchin population trends in the North Pacific (1980-2025)
How do these issues affect first-generation immigrants?
First-generation immigrants often struggle to find traditional seafood ingredients for their home-country dishes due to the collapse of kelp forests and the explosion of sea-urchin populations. This can lead to feelings of displacement and disconnection from their cultural heritage, as well as economic hardship if they cannot find affordable alternatives.
“I've been here for 10 years, and I can't find the seaweed I grew up eating. It's so expensive, and my kids don't know what their grandparents' favorite dishes tasted like. It's hard to feel at home when that's gone.”
What regulations are in place, and how effective are they?
Regulations aimed at protecting kelp forests and controlling sea-urchin populations have had limited success. Many countries have established marine protected areas (MPAs) to limit fishing and other human activities, but enforcement remains a challenge. Some regions have implemented sea-urchin harvest limits and closed seasons, but these measures have not been enough to control overgrazing.
What are industry and NGO reactions to these challenges?
The seafood industry has been slow to address the interconnected issues of kelp forest collapse and sea-urchin explosions. While some companies have committed to sustainable fishing practices, others continue to rely on unsustainable sources. NGOs and environmental organizations have called for stronger regulations, increased enforcement, and more support for alternative livelihoods for fishers.
Frequently asked questions
How can consumers help promote sustainable seafood practices?+
Consumers can look for seafood certified by organizations like the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) and the Aquaculture Stewardship Council (ASC). They can also support local, sustainable fisheries and kelp farms, and reduce their overall seafood consumption.
What alternative livelihoods are available for fishers affected by these changes?+
Fishers can transition to kelp farming, which provides habitat and food for marine life while also yielding a valuable product. Other alternatives include ecotourism, marine conservation, and aquaculture.
